What Is Electron Spin in Chemistry

In atomic physics and chemistry, electron spin is a property of an electron that is loosely related to its spin about an axis and its angular momentum. Two electron spin states are allowed, which are described by the quantum number ms, with values of  ½ or - ½ . The spin of an electron isnt as easily visualized as the spin of an ordinary object, such as a marble. Spin has a definite magnitude and it does have a direction, but quantization makes this more complicated than direction using regular vectors. The SI unit of spin is the Newton meter second (N ·m ·s). This is the same unit as angular momentum in classical mechanics. However, spin is often calculated as the spin angular momentum divided by the reduced Planck constant Ä §, yielding a dimensionless value. Uses There are practical applications of electron spin. These include nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electron spin resonance spectroscopy, and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) drive head technology.

Personal Philosophy Of Public Administration And Public...

I. Personal Philosophy of Public Administration and Public Leadership In order to effectively lead and manage in the public sector, an individual must have an understanding of the public sector, in comparison to the private sector. The public sector is very complex. Unlike the private sector, whose motive is to make a profit in order to ensure its success, the public sector does not have such criteria. Instead, the public sector relies on a variety of success criteria (Stevenson, 2013). This is not to say that there is nothing to learn form the private sector, rather they are different. The complexity of the public sector grows as the public problems being addressed grow more complex as well. Thus, increasing the need for â€Å"specific skill sets managers need to excel in this increasingly decentralized, collaborative, and networked environment† (Acar et al., 2007, para. 1). In order to enable him or herself as a public sector leader, the individual must understand the speci fic skill sets needed to accomplish the task. For example, given the nature of the public sector, which calls for constant collaboration with other sectors and networking, the individual must have a collaborative attitude. Current public sector leaders explain the importance of collaboration stating, â€Å"you have to go in and exchange ideas, come forth with common ground† (Acar et al., 2007, para. 19). Having a collaborative attitude is essential in developing strong networks that one can later call on forShow MoreRelatedSummary of in the Shadow of the Organization by Robert Denhardt1575 Words   |  7 Pagesour individuality. The author states that the modern organizations and the way their administration work are the results of heavily borrowed principles of rationality and objectivity from the sciences. 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Hollister Case Study free essay sample

Introduction Hollister Co. (HCO), which is part of the Abercrombie Fitch group, has established itself as the quintessential American clothing brand, associated with surfing culture and beautiful teenagers. The brand offers laid back, Southern California (SoCal) surfer style clothing in the teen retail sector, and currently achieves international sales in excess of $1.5 billion annually. Since 2008 the parent company has progressively pushed the brand globally, and there has been rapid expansion, particularly in the UK (Ward, 2008). (www.hollisterco.com) Hollister is a great example of the power of experiential branding and sensory marketing, and it is also offers many insights into retail staging. Building on the early insights of Holbrook and Hirschman on experiential consumption (1981; 1982), branding increasingly relies on symbolic associations and lifestyle impressions (see, for example, Holt, 2004; Sherry, 1998; Gobe, 2010). Above all, brands now strive to build satisfying experiences that mirror human relationships (Fournier, 1998; Miller, 2006). This involves creating excitement, connectedness and community (Sheane, 2012), and giving brands energy, visibility and meaning to their target market (Aaker, 1996). In the context of Hollister, an additional focus is on group membership, peer group acceptance and sexual attractiveness, all of which are identified as key issues for young consumers (Harwood, 1999). Much has been written about servicescapes and their importance for creating memorable consumer experiences. There has also been a recognition of the value of ‘themed flagship brand stores’ (Kozinets et al 2002), which provide a memorable and engaging brand encounter, and which use tangible and intangible elements to create stimulating brand experiences (see, for example, Mehrabian and Russell, 1974; Bitner, 1992; Kozinets, Sherry, DeBerry-Spence (2002); Gilboa and Rafaeli, 2003; Kearney et al 2007). Music, lighting, design, props, colour schemes, and olfactory and tactile cues work together to appeal to consumers’ five senses as they enter these highly retail spaces or servicescapes. Sensory marketing draws attention to the significance of the human senses in creating a ‘supreme  sensory experience of a brand’, according to Hulten, Broweus and Van Dijk (2009, p. vii). Oddly enough, these authors make no reference to sex appeal, a key element in many sectors, particularly fashion (Pettinger, 2004). Consumers evaluate brands according to the match between brands and their own body image perceptions, and the body signifies membership to particular subcultures (Schroeder and Salzer-Mà ¶rling (2006: 157). Body awareness and comparison with others is particularly intense for teenage consumers (Festinger, 1954), and indeed Harwood (1999) identified that teenagers buy for three main reasons: to show individualism, to attract the opposite sex, and for acceptance by their desired peer group. One cannot argue with the old adage that sex sells products (see, for example, Driessen, 2005; Dahl et al. 2009), but Hollister, shamelessly, one might argue, uses an intense form of sensuous marketing with sex appeal at its core, employing aesthetically pleasing female and male shop floor staff (‘models’) and male ‘lifeguards’. This ‘walking self-marketing’ branding strategy is one of the most visible examples of aesthetic labour in retailing. Shop floor employees are carefully groomed to fit the brand aesthetic of embodying the SoCal lifestyle, in order to encourage customers to buy into the brand. A qualitative study was undertaken to understand how consumers experienced the Hollister retail environment. It drew on 25 written subjective personal introspections and in-depth interviews, and focused on consumers’ visits to a Hollister store. SPI, pioneered by Holbrook (1986) is a form of autoethnography (Holbrook, 2005), which ideally provides insights into an individual’s reflections, thoughts, mental images, feelings, sensations and behaviours (Gould (1995). To strengthen and complement this method, and as recommended by Holbrook, in-depth interviews were also conducted with participants. All of the data focused on one particular Hollister store in the UK, which in terms of tangi ble and intangible cues typifies all Hollister stores worldwide. The research was conducted over a six month period. Summary of Findings A number of key findings emerged from the primary data, which illustrate the complexity of the Hollister retail experience and the pitfalls of engaging in full-scale sensory assaults. It was identified that there were two  markets for Hollister: a primary market of young consumers aged 14-18, and a secondary market, typically mothers, grandmothers and aunts, who were the ones who actually bought the clothing. Four key responses from consumers were identified: Seduction, Alienation, Nostalgia and Exasperation. The primary market who were interviewed for the study either felt seduced or alienated by Hollister, whilst the secondary market either felt nostalgic or exasperated by it. In terms of positive responses, the state of Seduction was characterised as an Alice Through the Looking Glass experience of stepping through the ‘glass’, or in this case dark, shuttered doorway, into another, more alluring world. The dim lighting and beautiful props immediately created a dream -like, enchanted atmosphere. The profusion of aesthetically pleasing staff increased the sense of being carried away on a fantasy-fuelled tide of abandonment, and of belonging to the exclusive, sexy, SoCal beach club of beautiful people. The styling of the Hollister stores is romantic and glamorous, with dark wood panelling, potted palms, exotic, colonial-style wallpapers, crystal chandeliers, antique armchairs, and retro-styled posters of gorgeous ‘dudes’ and ‘Bettys’, usually with their arms wrapped round one another. Nostalgia, real or imagined, is thus encouraged, and some participants loved the amorous musings the store invited, happily immersing themselves in the rose-tinted, or more appropriately perhaps, sepia-tinted experience with its retro inspired, 1970s style posters. However, other participants found the Hollister experience to be one of Alienation, feeling as if they had entered an off-putting, elitist environment in which they didn’t belong. The perceived air of luxury and exclusivity was experienced as intimidating, and this was compounded by a perception that the staff were aloof and detached.. Other consumers’ sense of alienation was based on more tangible el ements: its very loud music, dark, rabbit-warren-like rooms, poor visibility due to the low level lighting, and concern that they would walk into other people in the semi-darkness. Finally, a number of participants felt Exasperation. This is like no other retail environment, and consumers who didn’t ‘see the beauty within’, as one enamoured participant put it, were infuriated with the dark, disorientating interior; this comprised little or no customer service or interaction with staff; the impossibility of seeing colours, sizes and labels; and the nightclub volume of music, which left them feeling dizzy,  disorientated, temporarily deafened, and gasping for air and daylight. To conclude, Hollister creates an environment that its ‘audience’ either loves or hates: once consumers step ‘through the looking glass’ they either ‘suspend their disbelief’, to borrow a phrase from the Romantic poet Coleridge, and allow themselves to succumb to its romantic enchantments, or they remain detached, and regard the Hollister experience as a dystopian servicescape nightmare of over-sexed fakery, manipulation and impracticality. Questions 1 What do you think of Hollister? Go to your nearest Hollister (Buchanan Galleries, Glasgow) and consider your own reaction to the Hollister retail environment. Write down your thoughts immediately after your visit. How did the store make you feel? 2 Go to the Hollister online website and browse the site. Again, write down your thoughts immediately after your online browse. How does the online experience compare with the store experience? 3 Hollister has aroused controversy in relation to its looks policy and its employment of aesthetic labour for its ‘models’ and ‘lifeguards’. It has even been accused of racism in its recruitment policy. What are your views on this? Base your opinion on some online research into this issue.